-
1 the French army was then in a state of paralysis
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the French army was then in a state of paralysis
-
2 The human body
When it is clear who owns the part of the body mentioned, French tends to use the definite article where English uses a possessive adjective:he raised his hand= il a levé la mainshe closed her eyes= elle a fermé les yeuxshe ran her hand over my forehead= elle a passé la main sur mon frontFor expressions such as he hurt his foot or she hit her head on the beam, where the owner of the body part is the subject of the verb, i.e. the person doing the action, use a reflexive verb in French:she has broken her leg= elle s’est cassé la jambe( literally she has broken to herself the leg - there is no past participle agreement because the preceding reflexive pronoun se is the indirect object).he was rubbing his hands= il se frottait les mainsshe was holding her head= elle se tenait la têteNote also the following:she broke his leg= elle lui a cassé la jambe( literally she broke to him the leg)the stone split his lip= le caillou lui a fendu la lèvre( literally the stone split to him the lip)Describing peopleFor ways of saying how tall someone is ⇒ Length measurement ; of stating someone’s weight ⇒ Weight measurement ; and of talking about the colour of hair and eyes ⇒ Colours.Here are some ways of describing people in French:his hair is long= il a les cheveux longshe has long hair= il a les cheveux longsa boy with long hair= un garçon aux cheveux longsa long-haired boy= un garçon aux cheveux longsthe boy with long hair= le garçon aux cheveux longsher eyes are blue= elle a les yeux bleusshe has blue eyes= elle a les yeux bleusshe is blue-eyed= elle a les yeux bleusthe girl with blue eyes= la fille aux yeux bleusa blue-eyed girl= une fille aux yeux bleushis nose is red= il a le nez rougehe has a red nose= il a le nez rougea man with a red nose= un homme au nez rougea red-nosed man= un homme au nez rougeWhen referring to a temporary state, the following phrases are useful:his leg is broken= il a la jambe casséethe man with the broken leg= l’homme à la jambe casséebut notea man with a broken leg= un homme avec une jambe cassée -
3 state of serviceability
работоспособное состояние
работоспособность
Состояние объекта, при котором значения всех параметров, характеризующих способность выполнять заданные функции, соответствуют требованиям нормативно-технической и (или) конструкторской (проектной) документации.
[ ГОСТ 27.002-89]
[ОСТ 45.152-99]
[СО 34.21.307-2005]EN
up state
a state of an item characterized by the fact that it can perform a required function, assuming that the external resources, if required, are provided
NOTE 1 – This state relates to availability performance.
NOTE 2 – In French, the adjective "disponible" qualifies an item in an up state.
[IEV number 191-06-08 ]FR
état de disponibilité
état d'une entité caractérisé par l'aptitude de cette entité à accomplir une fonction requise, en supposant que la fourniture des moyens extérieurs éventuellement nécessaires est assurée
NOTE 1 – Cet état est lié à la notion de disponibilité en tant qu'aptitude.
NOTE 2 – En français, l'adjectif "disponible" qualifie une entité en état de disponibilité.
[IEV number 191-06-08 ]Тематики
- надежность, основные понятия
- тех. обсл. и ремонт средств электросвязи
Обобщающие термины
Синонимы
EN
- operable condition
- operable state
- serviceable condition
- state of serviceability
- up state
- usable condition
- workable condition
DE
FR
работоспособность
Состояние, при котором транспортное средство или его компоненты могут выполнять свои функции в соответствии с конструкторской или эксплуатационной документацией.
[Технический регламент о безопасности колесных транспортных средств]
работоспособность
-
[Интент]
Тематики
EN
- ability to work
- availability
- capacity for work
- efficiency
- fitness
- functionality
- healthy
- integrity
- operability
- operating capacity
- operational capability
- operational integrity
- operativeness
- performance
- performance ability
- performance capability
- service ability
- serviceability
- state of serviceability
- workability
- working ability
- working capacity
- working efficiency
- working-capacity
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > state of serviceability
-
4 down state
неработоспособное состояние
Состояние объекта, при котором значение хотя бы одного параметра, характеризующего способность выполнять заданные функции, не соответствует требованиям нормативно-технической и (или) конструкторской (проектной) документации.
Примечание. Для сложных объектов возможно деление их неработоспособных состояний. При этом из множества неработоспособных состояний выделяют частично неработоспособные состояния, при которых объект способен частично выполнять требуемые функции.
[ ГОСТ 27.002-89]
неработоспособное состояние
Состояние объекта, при котором значение хотя бы одного параметра, характеризующего способность выполнять заданные функции, не соответствует требованиям нормативно-технической и/или конструкторской (проектной) документации (ГОСТ 27. 002).
[ОСТ 45.152-99]EN
down state
internal disabled state
a state of an item characterized either by a fault, or by a possible inability to perform a required function during preventive maintenance
NOTE 1 – This state relates to availability performance.
NOTE 2 – In French, the adjective "indisponible" qualifies an item in a down state.
NOTE 3 – In French, in the field of electric power systems, the term "état d'indisponibilité" is used for any disabled state and not only for a down state.
[IEV number 191-06-07]FR
état d'indisponibilité
état d'incapacité interne
état d'une entité caractérisé soit par une panne soit par l'inaptitude éventuelle à accomplir une fonction requise pendant l'entretien
NOTE 1 – Cet état est lié à la notion de disponibilité en tant qu'aptitude.
NOTE 2 – En français, l'adjectif "indisponible" qualifie une entité en état d'indisponibilité.
NOTE 3 – En français, dans le domaine des réseaux d'énergie électrique, le terme "état d'indisponibilité" désigne tout état d'incapacité et non seulement un état d'incapacité interne.
[IEV number 191-06-07]Тематики
- надежность, основные понятия
- тех. обсл. и ремонт средств электросвязи
Обобщающие термины
Синонимы
EN
DE
- nicht verfügbarer Zustand wegen interner Ursachen
- Unbrauchbarkeit wegen interner Ursachen
- Unklarzustand
FR
неработоспособное состояние средства магнитопорошкового контроля
неработоспособность
Состояние магнитопорошкового дефектоскопа, магнитного индикатора или другого средства контроля, при котором значение хотя бы одного параметра, характеризующего способность выполнять заданные функции по обнаружению дефектов, не соответствует требованиям нормативно-технической и (или) конструкторской документации и выходит за пределы допуска таким образом, что нарушает функцию обнаружения дефектов.
[Система неразрушающего контроля. Виды (методы) и технология неразрушающего контроля. Термины и определения (справочное пособие). Москва 2003 г.]Тематики
- виды (методы) и технология неразр. контроля
Синонимы
EN
2.4. Неработоспособное состояние
Down state
Состояние объекта, при котором значение хотя бы одного параметра, характеризующего способность выполнять заданные функции, не соответствует требованиям нормативно-технической и (или) конструкторской (проектной) документации.
Примечание. Для сложных объектов возможно деление их неработоспособных состояний. При этом из множества неработоспособных состояний выделяют частично неработоспособные состояния, при которых объект способен частично выполнять требуемые функции
Источник: ГОСТ 27.002-89: Надежность в технике. Основные понятия. Термины и определения оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > down state
-
5 internal disabled state
неработоспособное состояние
Состояние объекта, при котором значение хотя бы одного параметра, характеризующего способность выполнять заданные функции, не соответствует требованиям нормативно-технической и (или) конструкторской (проектной) документации.
Примечание. Для сложных объектов возможно деление их неработоспособных состояний. При этом из множества неработоспособных состояний выделяют частично неработоспособные состояния, при которых объект способен частично выполнять требуемые функции.
[ ГОСТ 27.002-89]
неработоспособное состояние
Состояние объекта, при котором значение хотя бы одного параметра, характеризующего способность выполнять заданные функции, не соответствует требованиям нормативно-технической и/или конструкторской (проектной) документации (ГОСТ 27. 002).
[ОСТ 45.152-99]EN
down state
internal disabled state
a state of an item characterized either by a fault, or by a possible inability to perform a required function during preventive maintenance
NOTE 1 – This state relates to availability performance.
NOTE 2 – In French, the adjective "indisponible" qualifies an item in a down state.
NOTE 3 – In French, in the field of electric power systems, the term "état d'indisponibilité" is used for any disabled state and not only for a down state.
[IEV number 191-06-07]FR
état d'indisponibilité
état d'incapacité interne
état d'une entité caractérisé soit par une panne soit par l'inaptitude éventuelle à accomplir une fonction requise pendant l'entretien
NOTE 1 – Cet état est lié à la notion de disponibilité en tant qu'aptitude.
NOTE 2 – En français, l'adjectif "indisponible" qualifie une entité en état d'indisponibilité.
NOTE 3 – En français, dans le domaine des réseaux d'énergie électrique, le terme "état d'indisponibilité" désigne tout état d'incapacité et non seulement un état d'incapacité interne.
[IEV number 191-06-07]Тематики
- надежность, основные понятия
- тех. обсл. и ремонт средств электросвязи
Обобщающие термины
Синонимы
EN
DE
- nicht verfügbarer Zustand wegen interner Ursachen
- Unbrauchbarkeit wegen interner Ursachen
- Unklarzustand
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > internal disabled state
-
6 up state
работоспособное состояние
работоспособность
Состояние объекта, при котором значения всех параметров, характеризующих способность выполнять заданные функции, соответствуют требованиям нормативно-технической и (или) конструкторской (проектной) документации.
[ ГОСТ 27.002-89]
[ОСТ 45.152-99]
[СО 34.21.307-2005]EN
up state
a state of an item characterized by the fact that it can perform a required function, assuming that the external resources, if required, are provided
NOTE 1 – This state relates to availability performance.
NOTE 2 – In French, the adjective "disponible" qualifies an item in an up state.
[IEV number 191-06-08 ]FR
état de disponibilité
état d'une entité caractérisé par l'aptitude de cette entité à accomplir une fonction requise, en supposant que la fourniture des moyens extérieurs éventuellement nécessaires est assurée
NOTE 1 – Cet état est lié à la notion de disponibilité en tant qu'aptitude.
NOTE 2 – En français, l'adjectif "disponible" qualifie une entité en état de disponibilité.
[IEV number 191-06-08 ]Тематики
- надежность, основные понятия
- тех. обсл. и ремонт средств электросвязи
Обобщающие термины
Синонимы
EN
- operable condition
- operable state
- serviceable condition
- state of serviceability
- up state
- usable condition
- workable condition
DE
FR
работоспособное состояние средства магнитопорошкового контроля
работоспособность
Состояние магнитопорошкового дефектоскопа, магнитного индикатора или другого средства контроля, при котором значения всех параметров, характеризующих способность выполнять заданные функции по обнаружению дефектов, соответствуют требованиям нормативно-технической и (или) конструкторской документации и не нарушают функцию обнаружения дефектов.
[Система неразрушающего контроля. Виды (методы) и технология неразрушающего контроля. Термины и определения (справочное пособие). Москва 2003 г.]Тематики
- виды (методы) и технология неразр. контроля
Синонимы
EN
2.3. Работоспособное состояние
Up state
Состояние объекта, при котором значения всех параметров, характеризующих способность выполнять заданные функции, соответствуют требованиям нормативно-технической и (или) конструкторской (проектной) документации
Источник: ГОСТ 27.002-89: Надежность в технике. Основные понятия. Термины и определения оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > up state
-
7 operable state
работоспособное состояние
работоспособность
Состояние объекта, при котором значения всех параметров, характеризующих способность выполнять заданные функции, соответствуют требованиям нормативно-технической и (или) конструкторской (проектной) документации.
[ ГОСТ 27.002-89]
[ОСТ 45.152-99]
[СО 34.21.307-2005]EN
up state
a state of an item characterized by the fact that it can perform a required function, assuming that the external resources, if required, are provided
NOTE 1 – This state relates to availability performance.
NOTE 2 – In French, the adjective "disponible" qualifies an item in an up state.
[IEV number 191-06-08 ]FR
état de disponibilité
état d'une entité caractérisé par l'aptitude de cette entité à accomplir une fonction requise, en supposant que la fourniture des moyens extérieurs éventuellement nécessaires est assurée
NOTE 1 – Cet état est lié à la notion de disponibilité en tant qu'aptitude.
NOTE 2 – En français, l'adjectif "disponible" qualifie une entité en état de disponibilité.
[IEV number 191-06-08 ]Тематики
- надежность, основные понятия
- тех. обсл. и ремонт средств электросвязи
Обобщающие термины
Синонимы
EN
- operable condition
- operable state
- serviceable condition
- state of serviceability
- up state
- usable condition
- workable condition
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > operable state
-
8 Education nationale
the French state education system, and the largest employer in France. Teachers and administrative staff with tenured jobs in the state education system are classed as fonctionnaires, or civil servants. Counting tenured employees and those with short-term contracts ( contractuels), the EN has some 1.1 million employees, including about 850,000 teachers. The Education Nationale is administered centrally by theMEN ( Ministère de l'Education Nationale), and on a regional basis through Académies, each one presided over by a Recteur.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Education nationale
-
9 GDF-Suez
The world's third largest energy company, founded in 2008 from the merger of GDF and Suez. With a 35.7% stake, the French state is the largest single shareholder in the company. The company employs almost 200,000 people, almost half of them in France. It is the largest purchaser and distributor of gas in Europe. GDF-Suez is a CAC 40 company.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > GDF-Suez
-
10 France Télévisions
The French state television service, and operator of the France 2 and France 3 channels (see above). France Télévisions also runs RFOand France 5, as well as the digital TV channel France 4 and a growing number of cable channels. It is joint owner of the Franco-German TV channel Arte.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > France Télévisions
-
11 État
état [eta]1. masculine nouna. [de personne] state• en état d'ivresse or d'ébriété under the influence of alcohol• il ne faut pas te mettre des états pareils ! you mustn't get yourself into such a stateb. [d'objet, article d'occasion] condition• en bon/mauvais état in good/bad conditionc. [de chose abstraite, substance] state• état liquide/solide liquid/solid statee. ( = registre, comptes) statement ; ( = inventaire) inventoryf. (locutions) faire état de [+ ses services] to instance ; [+ craintes, intentions] to state ; [+ conversation, rumeur] to report2. compounds• (le bureau de) l'état civil the registry office (Brit), the Public Records Office (US) ► état de crise state of crisis* * *etanom masculin1) ( nation) state, State2) ( gouvernement) state, government3) ( territoire autonome) state•Phrasal Verbs:* * *eta nmPOLITIQUE state* * *A nm1 ( condition physique) condition; l'état du malade s'améliore the patient's condition is improving; être dans un état stationnaire to be in a stable condition; en bon état général in good overall condition; être en état de faire qch to be in a fit state to do sth; ne pas être en état de faire, être hors d'état de faire to be in no condition ou in no fit state to do; mettre qn hors d'état de faire qch to render sb incapable of doing sth; mettre qn hors d'état de nuire ( légalement) to put sb out of harm's way; ( physiquement) to incapacitate sb; leur état de santé est excellent their (state of) health is excellent; être dans un triste état○/en piteux état○ to be in a sorry/pitiful state; tu es dans un bel état! iron you're in a fine state!;2 ( condition psychique) state; être dans un état d'inquiétude terrible to be in a terrible state of anxiety; être dans un état d'énervement extrême to be in a state of extreme irritation; elle n'est pas en état de le revoir she's in no state to see him again; je suis hors d'état de réfléchir I'm incapable of thinking, I'm in no state to think; être dans un drôle d'état○ to be in a hell of a state○; ne pas être dans son état normal not to be oneself; ne te mets pas dans des états pareils! don't get into such a state!, don't get so worked up○!; être dans un état second to be in a trance;3 (de voiture, livre, tapis) condition; l'état de conservation d'un livre the condition of a book; l'état des routes ( conditions climatiques) road conditions; ( qualité) the state of the roads; en bon/mauvais état [maison, cœur, foie] in good/poor condition; avoir les dents en mauvais état to have bad teeth; l'état de délabrement d'une maison the dilapidated state of a house; l'état de conservation d'une momie égyptienne the state of preservation of an Egyptian mummy; vérifier l'état de qch to check sth; mettre/maintenir qch en état to put/keep sth in working order; hors d'état de marche [voiture] off the road, not running; [appareil] out of order; remettre qch en état to mend ou repair sth; remettre une maison en état to do up a house; la remise en état d'un réseau routier/de voiture the repair of a road network/car; vous devez rendre la maison en l'état lors de votre départ you must leave the house as you found it; les choses sont restées en l'état depuis leur départ nothing has been changed since they left; j'ai laissé les choses en l'état I left everything as it was; à l'état brut [huile, pétrole] in its raw state; [action, idée] in its initial stages; un temple à l'état de ruines a temple in a state of ruin; voiture/bicyclette/ordinateur à l'état neuf car/bicycle/computer as good as new; beauté à l'état pur unadulterated beauty; une voiture en état de rouler a roadworthy car; un bateau en état de naviguer a seaworthy ship;4 (d'affaires, économie, de finances, pays) state; l'état de l'environnement/d'une entreprise the state of the environment/a company; le pays est dans un état critique the country is in a critical state; cet état de choses ne peut plus durer this state of affairs can't go on; dans l'état actuel des choses in the present state of affairs; dans l'état actuel de la recherche médicale in the present state of medical research; l'état de tension entre le gouvernement et l'opposition the state of tension in relations between the government and the opposition; ce n'est encore qu'à l'état de projet it's still only at the planning stage;5 Sci ( de corps) state; les états de la matière the states of matter; l'état solide/liquide/gazeux the solid/liquid/gaseous state; un corps à l'état liquide/de vapeur a body in the liquid/vapourGB state; à l'état naissant [gaz] nascent; à l'état pur [élément, héroïne] in its pure state;6 ( situation sociale) state; ( métier)† trade; être boulanger de son état to be a baker by trade; ruiné, il se rappelle son ancien état now that he is bankrupt, he remembers how things used to be; choisir l'état ecclésiastique to choose holy orders; être satisfait/mécontent de son état to be satisfied/unhappy with one's lot;7 Sociol l'état civilisé the civilized state; naissance d'un nouvel état social birth of a new social order; des tribus qui vivent encore à l'état sauvage tribes still living in a primitive state;8 Compta statement; état de frais statement of expenses; état des comptes financial statements; état financier financial statement; état des ventes d'un magasin a shop's GB ou store's US sales statement;9 Jur ( statut) status; état d'épouse/d'enfant légitime/de parent status of a spouse/legitimate child/parent;10 Hist ( catégorie sociale) estate; la notion de classe a remplacé celle d'état the concept of class replaced that of estate.B faire état de loc verbale1 ( arguer) to cite [document, texte, théorie, loi]; faire état du témoignage/de l'opinion de qn pour étayer une thèse to cite sb's testimony/opinion in support of a thesis;2 ( mentionner) to mention [conversation, entretien, découverte]; ne faites pas état de cette conversation don't mention this conversation; la presse a fait état de leur conversation the press reported their conversation;4 ( se prévaloir de) to make a point of mentioning [succès, courage]; j'ai fait état de mes diplômes pour obtenir le travail I made a point of mentioning my diplomas to get the job; ils ont fait état des services qu'ils nous ont rendus they made a point of mentioning the things they had done for us in the past.état d'alerte Mil state of alert; en état d'alerte on the alert; état d'âme ( scrupule) qualm; ( sentiment) feeling; ne pas avoir d'états d'âme to have no qualms; état de choc Méd, Psych state of shock; en état de choc in a state of shock; état de choses state of affairs; état civil Admin registry office GB; ( de personne) civil status; état de conscience Psych state of consciousness; état de crise Pol, Sociol state of crisis; état d'esprit state ou frame of mind; état de fait fact; les états généraux Hist the Estates General; état de grâce Relig state of grace; en état de grâce lit in a state of grace; fig inspired; état de guerre state of war; état des lieux Jur inventory and statement of state of repair; fig appraisal; faire l'état des lieux to draw up an inventory and statement of state of repair; état de nature Sociol the state of nature; à l'état de nature in the state of nature; état de rêve dream state; état de santé state of health; état de siège state of siege; états de service service record; état d'urgence state of emergency; état de veille waking state; ⇒ tiers.être/se mettre dans tous ses états○ to be in/to get into a state○; il se met dans tous ses états pour un rien he gets all worked up○ ou he gets into a state over nothing; être réduit à l'état de loque/d'esclave to be reduced to a wreck/treated as a slave.[eta] nom masculinl'État français the French state ou nationl'État, c'est moifamous phrase attributed to Louis XIV proclaiming the absolute nature of the monarchygéré par l'État state-run, publicly run -
12 Crédit Lyonnais
One of the big French retail banks. Once one of the biggest banks in France, the Crédit Lyonnais was a nationalised bank from 1945 to 1999. Duing the 1980s, the bank ran up massive debts due to bad loans and financial scandals, some of them involving subsidiaries and operations in the USA. The bank was saved from collapse by a massive rescue operation by the French state. In 2003, the Crédit Lyonnais was bought by rival bank Crédit Agricole (see above), many of its activities were wound down, and its high-street banks began trading as LCL.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Crédit Lyonnais
-
13 Gaz de France
( GDF)the formerly nationalized French gas utility, now a private company in which the French state is the major shareholder.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Gaz de France
-
14 loto
loto [lɔto]masculine noun( = jeu de société) lotto ; ( = loterie à numéros) national lottery* * *lɔtonom masculin lottole loto sportif — ≈ the national sport lottery
* * *lɔto nm* * *loto ⇒ Les jeux et les sports nm lotto; jouer au loto to play lotto; le loto national national lottery; le loto sportif ≈ the national sport lottery.avoir des yeux en boules de loto to have goggle eyes.[lɔto] nom masculin[boîte] lotto set2. [jeux d'argent] -
15 CAPES
(pronounced [Cap-ess])Certificat d'Aptitude Pédagogique de l'Enseignement Secondaire. Competitive exam ( concours) taken by graduates wishing to become qualified teachers ( professseur certifié) in the French state secondary education service. Competition for places is generally keen, and those who succeed are guaranteed a tenured teaching job in a lycée or a collège. A number of places is fixed each year for each subject, meaning that the level actually required to become qualified may vary from year to year, depending on the balance between the number of places and the number of candidates.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > CAPES
-
16 CAMIF
Large mail-order firm, reputed for providing good value for money, which collapsed in late 2008. A cooperative formerly reserved for employees of the French state education system, the CAMIF opened to all in its later years, in an attempt to face up to competition from e-commerce outlets; but its high quality customer-care and after-sales service left it with huge running costs compared to other distance selling operations, and the firm went out of business at the end of 2008.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > CAMIF
-
17 MAIF
large insurance cooperative (friendly society), only open to active or retired employees of the French state education service. The MAIF was reputed to offer very competitive insurance rates; today it is particularly appreciated as an honest insurer and one which pays up quite fast when a claim is made.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > MAIF
-
18 Premier Ministre
The role of Prime Minister in France is not the same as that of the Prime Minister of Britain. While the British Prime Minister is politically (though not constitutionally) Britain's head of state, the French Prime Minister is only the head of the French government, and nominated as such by the President. Weekly meetings of the French cabinet (see Conseil des Ministres) are therefore presided over by the President, not by the Prime Minister. When President and Prime Minister are of the same political leaning ("left" or "right"), government policy will tend to be lead by the two; when they are from different political families (a situation known as cohabitation), the Prime Minister's role and decision-making power are considerably strengthened. The Prime Minister is responsible for forming the government, but the list of names has to be approved by the President. See Balladur, Barre, Chaban Delmas, Chirac, Jospin, Raffarin, Rocard, etc.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Premier Ministre
-
19 President
The head of state, under the constitution of the French Fifth Republic (Cinquième république). The French president is elected by direct universal suffrage, for a term of five years in office. Since the 2008 constitutional reform introduced by President Sarkozy, a president may serve no more than two five-year terms in office. Election by universal suffrage was first introduced following a referendum organised by General de Gaulle in 1962. Originally the presidential term in office was seven years, with one president, F. Mitterrand, serving a full two terms. With presidential and legislative elections operating according to different calendars, swings in the popularity of parties and their leaders led in the mid eighties to situations or " Cohabitation", with presidents and parliamentary majorities from different sides of the political spectrum. In 2002, presidential and legislative elections were held within two months of each other, each leading to five year terms in office for those elected; thus president Chirac emerged for a second term in office with a solid parliamentary majority of his own supporters.The president is responsible for choosing his Prime Minister (see Premier Ministre), who proposes a team of government ministers which the president must approve. He is the chief of the executive, who oversees weekly cabinet meetings (see Conseil des ministres), and promulgates new laws. He is also the commander in chief of French forces. He has the power to dissolve theNational Assembly and call legislative elections - a power used rather disastrously in 1997 by Jacques Chirac, who dissolved the Assembly in attempt to give his "presidential majority" a rather less slender majority, only to see the Socialist opposition voted into power.In exceptional cases of national emergency, Article 16 of the Constitutiongives the president the power to rule without the consent of parliament.See also Giscard d'Estaing, PompidouDictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > President
-
20 Estado Novo
The name of the Portuguese regime from 1930 until the Revolution of 25 April 1974. The term "New State" may have been influenced by an earlier regime's name for itself, República Nova or "New Republic," led by President Sidónio Pais (1917-18) during in the First Republic (1910-26). The name Estado Novo appears for the first time in 1930, during the military phase; it caught on with supporters of the regime and became official. The Estado Novo was a version of the extremely nationalistic regimes that came to power in Europe after World War I. The Portuguese version was strongly influenced by conservative Catholic social doctrines, which held that society was organically hierarchical and church and state were closely allied. The relationship of the individual to society and the state was mediated through his or her membership in natural "orders," such as the family. The conservative Catholicism of the Estado Novo emphasized discipline, obedience, dedication, and sacrifice. It was opposed to the liberal doctrines of the French Revolution (individualism, separation of church and state, democracy), as well as to the socialist doctrines of the Russian Revolution (collectivism, atheism, etc).
См. также в других словарях:
French state — The French state either designs the Republic of France (i.e. the state of France), or may, in specific context, design Vichy France, as it was the official name of the regime first directed by Philippe Pétain ( l Etat français , explicitly… … Wikipedia
The Legislative Assembly and the fall of the French monarchy — The French Revolution was a period in the history of France covering the years 1789 to 1799, in which republicans overthrew the Bourbon monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church perforce underwent radical restructuring. This article covers the one… … Wikipedia
The French Connection (hockey) — The French Connection was a line of professional ice hockey forwards who played together for the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League from 1972 until 1979. The line consisted of Hall of Famer Gilbert Perreault at centre and All Stars Rick … Wikipedia
Style of the French sovereign — The precise style of French Sovereigns varied over the years. Currently, there is no French sovereign; three distinct traditions (the Legitimist, the Orleanist, and the Bonapartist) exist, each claiming different forms of title. The three styles… … Wikipedia
Social situation in the French suburbs — The social situation in the French suburbs, known as banlieues , is a complex topic. At times it has resulted in civil unrest, notably the civil unrest of autumn 2005. The word banlieue , which is French for suburb, does not necessarily refer to… … Wikipedia
The French Powder Mystery — Infobox Book | name = The French Powder Mystery image caption = No image available. author = Ellery Queen country = United States language = English series = Ellery Queen mysteries genre = Mystery novel / Whodunnit publisher = Stokes (1st edition … Wikipedia
Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution — History of France series French Revolution Causes Estates General National Assembly Storming of the Bastille National … Wikipedia
Causes of the French Revolution — The cause of the French Revolution is a significant subject of historical debate. France in 1789, although facing some economic ( especially taxation) difficulties and simplicities, was one of the richest and most powerful nations in Europe;… … Wikipedia
Charter of the French Language — The Charter of the French Language (La charte de la langue française, in French), also known as Bill 101 and Loi 101, is a law in the province of Quebec in Canada defining French, the language of the majority of the population, as the only… … Wikipedia
Assembly of the French clergy — The Assembly of the French Clergy ( Assemblée du Clergé de France ) was in its origins a representative meeting of the Clergy of France, held every five years, for the purpose of apportioning the financial burdens laid upon the clergy of the… … Wikipedia
Historiography of the French Revolution — The French Revolution stretches back over two hundred years prior to the event itself. Issues of causation became a contested issue in academic circles from the 1960s onwards in particular, and new research and interpretation continues to inform… … Wikipedia
